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The foremost and basic condition surrounding trade is the direct impact of the market forces of demand and supply. They are the basic determinants for the price, irrespective of the industries to which the goods belong to. Now, these forces might not be in much power for the transport of goods from US to Ghana, given the comparatively lower economic status of the latter country. It makes each and every good of the former one a necessity for the latter one.

It affects the air cargo services more than the goods in transit. They might have to bear the loss of lower air cargo rates during an economic downturn on the global or host country level. Also, any other stronger global impact, like, for instance, the ongoing COVID pandemic can also significantly affect the air freight charges. Fuel interactions of the market are another prime determinant of the prices charged by air freight companies in the US.

Regional factors tend to play a major role in determining the business and the associated prices when it comes to trade and transit. These factors fit perfectly in the case of air freight services from US to Africa. This is because the countries in the African continent often suffer from civil wars, epidemics, and a number of other regional turmoil. This increases the risk for the air freight companies which raise the prices of the transportation.

There can also be operational inefficiencies in air freight companies due to an impact on the transit process. In such periods, it becomes difficult for the services to function and perform effectively on the basis of time and place. The forces of demand and supply are not able to revive or bring a balance between the fluctuations in the services and prices.

Another factor that influences the pricing structure of the air freight shipping companies is their operational expenses. These operational costs and expenses can have a bi-directional effect on trade between US to Ghana. This is in the case of fuel costs which make a major part of the operational expenses. The fuel itself depends upon market interactions and therefore can never be in the prediction of the air freight companies. This is why there aren’t enough measures to tackle it and keep the operations smooth.

The importing countries and international bodies governing trade can have certain regulations levied upon the operations. They can be based on environmental needs or economic requirements for domestic businesses and the nation. Operational expenses get affected by these regulations because compliance is necessary for the avoidance of troubles.

The movements of airplanes cause a significant impact on the environment. Therefore, airports can charge certain fees against the transit for the damages. This is another factor influencing the costs of the freight.

Most businesses opt for sea-based services for cargos that require a controlled temperature. Other businesses that have a shorter lead time prefer the services of air freight shipping companies. This dynamic however is now being challenged with the availability of ULDs that are temperature-controlled and therefore facilitate the customers of air freights, preferring a time and temperature sensitive environment for their goods. These services may add to the air freight costs per kg. They still are a preferred method as they make the mode safer for air transit operations.